![]() ![]() Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016 First citation in article Crossref, Google ScholarĪmerican Psychiatric Association. Remembering the past and imagining the future: common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration. ![]() First citation in article Google ScholarĪddis, D., Wong, A. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual (3rd ed.). First citation in article Google ScholarĪASM. International Classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual (2nd ed.). These data may be useful in the improvement of pathophysiological models, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for insomnia.ĪASM. In sum, despite the relatively small sample size, our study clearly suggests that in PI there is a dysfunction in brain regions pertaining to self-referential processing, which is corroborated by an overall pattern of hyperarousal in brain regions comprising the DMN. The differences between the patient and control groups were also evident in self-report measures. Moreover, when these patients were exposed to words concerning both past/present ruminations and future worries, there was a pronounced and significant over-recruitment of brain areas related to DMN and self-referential processing when they were compared to healthy volunteers. The results suggested that the PI patients showed a failure of the DMN to deactivate. We used a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) block-design paradigm where the participants visualized lists of words related to past/present and future concerns and also emotionally neutral words. Patients were recruited at the outpatient Sleep Medicine Centre of the Coimbra University Hospital Centre. We recruited five PI patients diagnosed according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, version 2 (ICSD-2) of American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and five age- and sex-matched healthy controls. In this study we tested whether differences in terms of neural activation are present between a group of PI patients and a healthy-control group while they are exposed to idiosyncratic ruminations and worries, evoked visually by words, so as to explore their hypothetical link with default-mode network (DMN) dysfunction in PI. Psychophysiological insomnia (PI) is one of the most frequent sleep disorders. ![]()
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